4.2 Ion Channel Receptors

Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow rapid ion flux across membranes, generating electrical signals. They represent ~15% of drug targets and are crucial for neuronal, cardiac, and muscle function.

Classification by Gating Mechanism

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels (Ionotropic Receptors)

Open in response to neurotransmitter binding. Fast synaptic transmission (milliseconds).

  • Cys-loop family: Nicotinic ACh (nAChR), GABA_A, glycine, 5-HT3
  • Glutamate receptors: NMDA, AMPA, kainate
  • ATP receptors: P2X purinergic receptors

Voltage-Gated Ion Channels

Open/close in response to membrane potential changes. Critical for action potentials.

  • Na⁺ channels: Neuronal excitability (NaV1.1-1.9)
  • K⁺ channels: Repolarization (Kv, KCa, KATP, Kir)
  • Ca²⁺ channels: L, N, P/Q, R, T-types
  • Cl⁻ channels: ClC family, CFTR

Other Gating Mechanisms

  • Mechanosensitive: TRP channels, Piezo1/2
  • Temperature-sensitive: TRPV1 (heat/capsaicin), TRPM8 (cold/menthol)
  • Second messenger-gated: Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG), HCN channels

Ligand-Gated Channels: Key Examples

Nicotinic ACh Receptor (nAChR)

Structure: Pentamer (α2βγδ muscle; various α/β neuronal)

Ion: Na⁺/K⁺ (depolarization)

Agonists: Acetylcholine, nicotine, succinylcholine

Antagonists: Tubocurarine, atracurium (NMJ blockers)

GABA_A Receptor

Structure: Pentamer (typically 2α, 2β, 1γ)

Ion: Cl⁻ (hyperpolarization/inhibition)

Modulators: Benzodiazepines, barbiturates, ethanol (positive)

Antagonists: Bicuculline, flumazenil (BZD antagonist)

NMDA Receptor

Structure: Tetramer (GluN1/GluN2 subunits)

Ion: Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ (voltage-dependent Mg²⁺ block)

Agonists: Glutamate + glycine (co-agonist required)

Antagonists: Ketamine, memantine, PCP

Glycine Receptor

Structure: Pentamer (α/β subunits)

Ion: Cl⁻ (inhibition in spinal cord/brainstem)

Antagonist: Strychnine (convulsant, no therapeutic use)

Voltage-Gated Channels: Drug Targets

Voltage-Gated Na⁺ Channels

Blockers: Local anesthetics (lidocaine, procaine), antiarrhythmics (Class I: quinidine, procainamide), anticonvulsants (phenytoin, carbamazepine, lamotrigine) | Mechanism: Preferentially bind inactivated state → use-dependent block

Voltage-Gated Ca²⁺ Channels

L-type blockers: Dihydropyridines (amlodipine, nifedipine - vasodilation), phenylalkylamines (verapamil - cardiac), benzothiazepines (diltiazem) | N/P/Q blockers: Ziconotide (intrathecal, severe pain) | T-type: Ethosuximide (absence seizures)

Voltage-Gated K⁺ Channels

Blockers: 4-aminopyridine (increase ACh release), Class III antiarrhythmics (amiodarone, sotalol - prolong action potential) | Openers: Minoxidil (vasodilation), diazoxide (hyperglycemia treatment)

Mechanisms of Drug Action

Pore Blockers

Drug physically occludes ion conduction pathway. Examples: Local anesthetics (Na⁺), Mg²⁺ (NMDA), quaternary ammonium compounds

Gating Modifiers

Alter voltage-dependence or kinetics of opening/closing. Examples: Benzodiazepines (↑ GABA_A open frequency), scorpion toxins (delay Na⁺ inactivation)

Allosteric Modulators

Bind at sites distinct from pore/gate. Positive: BDZs, barbiturates (GABA_A); Negative: Picrotoxin (GABA_A blocker)

Use/State-Dependent Block

Higher affinity for open or inactivated states. Provides selectivity for rapidly firing neurons (seizures, arrhythmias)

Clinical Applications

Therapeutic Areas

  • Anesthesia: Local (Na⁺ block), general (GABA_A modulation)
  • Epilepsy: Na⁺ blockers, Ca²⁺ blockers, GABA_A enhancers
  • Cardiac arrhythmias: Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ channel blockers
  • Hypertension: Ca²⁺ channel blockers
  • Neuropathic pain: Na⁺ blockers, Ca²⁺ α2δ ligands (gabapentin)
  • Muscle relaxation: nAChR blockers (surgery)
  • Anxiety/sleep: GABA_A modulators (benzodiazepines)

Channelopathies

Genetic ion channel mutations cause diseases: Cystic fibrosis (CFTR Cl⁻), long QT syndrome (cardiac K⁺/Na⁺), epilepsies (various), periodic paralysis (muscle Na⁺/Ca²⁺), migraine (Ca²⁺)