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Master Science
From First Principles
Graduate-level courses across physics, mathematics, biology, chemistry, and the earth and space sciences — with lectures from MIT, Stanford, and Nobel laureates, and interactive simulations you can run in the browser. Completely free.
Graduate-Level Rigor
Real university content with full mathematical derivations, not watered-down summaries.
Interactive Code & Tools
Run Python simulations, use physics calculators, and visualize concepts in real time.
Learn From the Best
Video lectures from MIT, Stanford, Nobel laureates, and leading researchers worldwide.
Learners Around the World
From MIT and Cambridge to São Paulo, Tel Aviv, Lagos, Seoul and Sydney — a global community exploring science from first principles. Drag the globe to spin it.
Popular Learning Paths
Not sure where to start? Follow a structured path from fundamentals to advanced topics.
The Theoretical Physics Journey
From Relativity to the Cosmos
Chemistry to Quantum Materials
Molecular Life Sciences
Mathematical Physics Foundations
Stars, Galaxies & the Universe
Physics of Life & the Brain
Earth Systems & Climate Science
From Molecules to Medicines
Statistical & Thermal Physics
Urban Science & Complex Systems
Machine Learning & AI
Music, Mathematics & the Brain
Electronics & Information
Solar Physics Journey
From the Sun's Core to Space Weather — trace the physics of our star through 8 interconnected courses
Unification: Geometry, Gauge Theory & Quantum Gravity
The quest for a unified theory — string theory, M-theory, AdS/CFT, loop quantum gravity, and the geometric connections from Perelman to the Standard Model.
Explore Unification →Perelman's Geometrization Proof
Complete treatment of the Poincaré Conjecture via Ricci flow with surgery — 20 sections with full derivations.
Latest Courses
Circadian Clocks & Human Health
8 modules — ~24-h molecular oscillator (2017 Nobel TTFL), SCN/peripheral clocks, light entrainment, cell cycle, chronometabolism, sleep, chronotherapy.
Biophysics of Organelles
8 modules — compartmentalisation cost, Canham-Helfrich, nucleus, ER, mitochondria, lysosome, LLPS, contact sites. Embeds Tom Rapoport lectures.
Stem Cells
10 modules — ICM to iPSC reprogramming, adult niches, Blanpain skin, HSCs, neurogenesis, cancer stem cells, organoids, clinical trials.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
7 modules — Sec61 translocation, folding chaperones, ERAD, three-branch UPR, lipids/Ca²⁺, disease (CF, α1-AT, neurodegeneration).
Ribosome
7 modules — atomic structure (2009 Nobel), initiation/elongation/termination, kinetic proofreading, antibiotics, ribosomopathies.
Golgi Apparatus
7 modules — cisternal maturation, COPI/COPII, glycosylation (N/O-linked, blood groups), mitotic disassembly, CDG disease.
Lysosome
7 modules — V-ATPase, hydrolases & pKa engineering, endocytosis/autophagy, LSDs, mTORC1 signalling, neurodegeneration.
Mitochondria
10 modules — endosymbiotic origin, OxPhos cryo-EM, ATP synthase rotary motor, mitophagy, disease, transplantation, brain-mitochondrial optimisation.
Particle Cosmology
Inflation, baryogenesis, BBN, CMB, dark matter/dark energy, cosmic phase transitions — particle physics at the largest scales.
Disease & New Approaches
Logic-gated DNA-drug conjugates, PROTACs, ADCs, CAR-T, mRNA-LNP, CRISPR, AAV, theranostics. Mechanism-first.
Bioinformatics
Sequence · Structure · Networks · ML — Needleman-Wunsch, BLAST, de Bruijn assembly, AlphaFold2, DNA language models.
Bayesian Brain & Predictive Processing
Helmholtz to Friston — generative models, prediction errors, free-energy principle, active inference, computational psychiatry.
Biogeography
Wallace, MacArthur-Wilson, Avise. Seven realms, island biogeography, vicariance, phylogeography, 10 regional documentaries.
Comparative Sensory Biology
Spectral atlases for hearing, vision, magnetoreception, electroreception across 10+ taxa. Quantum-mechanics glimpse.
Predators
Ambush, pursuit, cooperative, marine, invertebrate. Lotka-Volterra to mantis shrimp cavitation, Yellowstone cascades.
Reptiles
Sauropsid evolution, scales & ecdysis, ectothermy, snake locomotion, venom biochemistry, TSD reproduction, crocodilian biology.
Cytoskeleton
Actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments, motor proteins. Oosawa kinetics, dynamic instability, muscle contraction, disease.
Recently Enhanced
Unification
String theory, M-theory, AdS/CFT, loop quantum gravity, Perelman & BMS, and the master Lagrangian. 7 parts, 60 sections.
Perelman's Proof
Complete proof of the Geometrization Conjecture: Ricci flow, entropy, surgery, Thurston geometries. 20 sections.
Condensed Matter Theory
Fermi liquids, superfluidity, BCS superconductivity, topological phases. 18 chapters with Python/Fortran simulations.
QFT (Extended)
16 chapters: canonical quantization, path integrals, QED, renormalization, gauge theories, Higgs, SUSY, lattice QFT.
Cities as Complex Systems
Urban scaling laws, Fisher-KPP growth, TASEP traffic, mean field games, Kuramoto synchronization, TDA, SUMO microsimulation. 18 modules.
World Pollution Simulator
ADI PDE solver on 10 cities (Paris, NYC, Beijing, Cairo…) with OSMnx morphology, live AQI heatmap, and city ranking. Run it live.
Louis Armstrong · “What a Wonderful World”
“I see trees of green, red roses too…” — an anthem for the course series below.
Animal Biophysics — The Living Kingdom
Twelve graduate-level courses exploring the physics and biochemistry of life — from quantum magnetoreception in birds to infrasound communication in elephants, from spider silk to whale echolocation
Avian Biophysics
Magnetoreception, flight aerodynamics, feather optics
Feline Biophysics
Righting reflex, Turing coat patterns, sensory physics
Bee Biophysics
Waggle dance, swarm intelligence, honeycomb optimization
Ant Biophysics
Trap-jaw mechanics, trail pheromones, colony optimization
Insect Biophysics
Metamorphosis, flight mechanics, silk & venom
Spider Biophysics
Silk nanostructure, hydraulic locomotion, web architecture
Tree Biophysics
Quantum photosynthesis, xylem hydraulics, scaling laws
Elephant Biophysics
Trunk biomechanics, infrasound, matriarchy, cognition
Rhinoceros
Horn keratin, charge biomechanics, poaching, rewilding
Cetacean Biophysics
Echolocation, deep diving, whale song, hydrodynamics
Savanna Megafauna
Elephant/rhino/hippo/giraffe, savanna ecology, conservation
Biophysics & Ecology
Biophysics
Molecular forces, protein folding, membrane biophysics, ion channels, molecular motors, cryo-EM. 12 chapters + 76 video lectures.
Avian Biophysics
From quantum magnetoreception to flight aerodynamics -- feather optics, cross-current respiration, and migration endurance across 9 modules.
Feline Biophysics
From the righting reflex to Turing coat patterns -- biomechanics, sensory physics, obligate carnivore metabolism across 9 modules.
Bee Biophysics
From unsteady aerodynamics to swarm intelligence -- flight mechanics, waggle dance, honeycomb optimization, and the superorganism across 9 modules.
Ant Biophysics
From trap-jaw mechanics to ant colony optimization -- trail pheromones, collective intelligence, and the superorganism across 9 modules.
Insect Biophysics
From metamorphosis to the pollinator crisis -- flight mechanics, sensory systems, silk, venom, and the most diverse animal group. 9 modules.
Spider Biophysics
From silk nanostructure to hydraulic locomotion -- 7 silk types, web architecture, venom pharmacology, and jumping spider vision. 9 modules.
Tree Biophysics
From quantum coherence in photosynthesis to hydraulic failure -- xylem hydraulics, wood mechanics, scaling laws across 9 graduate-level modules.
Plant Biochemistry
From photosynthesis to metabolic engineering -- enzyme mechanisms, pathway diagrams, reaction kinetics across 7 parts and 21 chapters.
Ecological Biochemistry
From allelopathy to climate adaptation -- how chemistry shapes ecosystems and drives biodiversity across every biome on Earth. 9 modules.
Cetacean Biophysics
Dolphins, whales & porpoises — hydrodynamics, echolocation, deep diving, whale song, cognition. 9 modules.
Elephant Biophysics
Trunk hydrostatic biomechanics, ear thermoregulation, infrasound & seismic communication, cognition, musth, matriarchy. 9 modules.
Rhinoceros
Horn keratin biochemistry, charge biomechanics, conservation genetics, dehorning & rewilding programmes. 9 modules.
Savanna Megafauna
Elephant, rhino, hippo, giraffe, lion, wildebeest — savanna ecology, migration, predator-prey dynamics, conservation. 9 modules.
Hippopotamus
Amphibious physiology, “blood sweat,” territorial aggression, cetacean-hippo phylogeny. Modular course.
Giraffe Biophysics
Cardiovascular engineering for 5 m necks, rete mirabile, FGFRL1 bone density, cervical scaling. Modular course.
Camel Biophysics
Desert adaptation, water conservation, heterothermy, nanobodies, hump lipid metabolism. Modular course.
Seal Biophysics
Pinniped deep diving, myoglobin loading, bradycardia reflex, thermoregulation and blubber mechanics. Modular course.
Eagle Biophysics
Raptor vision (2x human density), talon force, soaring aerodynamics, migration navigation across continents. Modular course.
Flower Biology
ABC model of floral development, pigment chemistry, scent biochemistry, pollinator co-evolution. 9 modules.
Biomimetics
Learning from 3.8 billion years of evolution — gecko adhesion, lotus-effect, shark skin, self-healing materials. 9 modules.
BioGeometry
Golden ratio, fractals, Turing patterns, minimal surfaces — the mathematical language of life. 9 modules.
Origin of Life
From Hadean Earth to LUCA — prebiotic chemistry, RNA world, hydrothermal origins, Great Oxygenation Event. 9 modules.
Radar Systems
From Maxwell to SAR imaging — radar equation, Doppler, phased arrays, weather radar, stealth. 9 modules.
Ocean Biodiversity
From sunlit plankton to hadal trenches -- life across 11 km of ocean depth, hydrothermal vents, coral reefs, and climate impacts. 9 modules.
Climate & Biodiversity
From radiative forcing to the sixth mass extinction -- how climate change reshapes life on Earth and what science tells us about solutions. 9 modules.
Biomes
Tundra, taiga, temperate forest, savanna, desert, tropical rainforest, marine — Earth’s major ecosystems and the climate, soil, and biotic forces shaping them.
Biogeography
Wallace, MacArthur-Wilson, Avise — seven realms, island biogeography, vicariance, phylogeography, 10 regional documentaries.
Polar Bears
Arctic adaptation, fat metabolism, sea-ice hunting, climate vulnerability. Ursus maritimus as a sentinel species.
Polar Penguins
Thermoregulation in Antarctic cold, huddling physics, diving physiology, species diversity across 18 penguins.
Polar Seals
Weddell, leopard, elephant, and ice seals — deep-diving physiology, thermal biology, pinniped evolution.
Emperor Penguin
The deepest-diving bird (~560 m) — −60 °C incubation, huddling Voronoi dynamics, breath-hold physiology.
Reptiles
Sauropsid evolution, scales & ecdysis, ectothermy, snake locomotion, venom biochemistry, TSD reproduction, crocodilians.
Carrier Pigeon
5,000 years of history, flight biomechanics, magnetic navigation, Darwin’s pigeons, Skinner’s Project Pigeon.
Bird & Monarch Migration
Arctic tern 70,000 km/year, bar-tailed godwit 13,000 km nonstop, monarch multi-generation Mexico migration, Emlen funnels, isotope tracking.
Wheat Biophysics
Triticum domestication, gluten biochemistry, C3 photosynthesis, drought response, stem-rust pathology, climate & food security.
Grape Biophysics
Viticulture biophysics — berry development, anthocyanin biosynthesis, wine aromatics, phylloxera and grafting, terroir.
Metabolism
Glycolysis, TCA cycle, OxPhos, lipid & amino-acid metabolism, integrated metabolic regulation, metabolic disease.
Physical Sciences
Mathematics
Linear algebra, tensor calculus, differential geometry, and variational calculus.
Classical Mechanics
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism, canonical transformations, and action principles.
Special Relativity
Einstein's theory of spacetime, Lorentz transformations, and relativistic mechanics.
Electrodynamics
Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, radiation, and relativistic electrodynamics.
Waves & Optics
EM waves, interference, diffraction, polarization. MIT lectures by Walter Lewin.
Thermodynamics
Laws of thermodynamics, entropy, phase transitions, and thermodynamic potentials. MIT lectures included.
Statistical Mechanics
Ensembles, partition functions, phase transitions. Kardar and Susskind lectures.
Fluid Mechanics
Navier-Stokes equations, boundary layers, turbulence, and MHD foundations.
Quantum Mechanics
Hilbert spaces, Schrödinger equation, angular momentum, approximation methods, scattering.
Atomic & Optical Physics
Quantum optics, laser cooling, BEC. MIT lectures by Wolfgang Ketterle (Nobel laureate).
Quantum Field Theory
Path integrals, Feynman diagrams, gauge theories, renormalization, QED, Standard Model.
Particle Physics
Standard Model, quarks, leptons, Higgs mechanism, collider experiments, and beyond.
Nuclear Physics
Nuclear structure, radioactivity, fission, fusion, shell model, and applications. Python & Fortran simulations.
Condensed Matter Theory
Fermi liquids, superfluidity, BCS superconductivity, Ginzburg-Landau, topological phases. Full derivations.
Plasma Physics
Single-particle motion, fluid equations, MHD, waves, instabilities, and kinetic theory.
General Relativity
Einstein field equations, Schwarzschild solution, geodesic motion, and gravitational waves.
Cosmology
FLRW metric, Friedmann equations, inflation, dark energy, and the evolution of the universe.
Black Holes
Schwarzschild, Kerr metrics, Hawking radiation, thermodynamics, and information paradox.
Quantum Gravity
Loop quantum gravity, string theory, Wheeler-DeWitt equation, and quantum cosmology.
Inflation Theory
Slow-roll dynamics, primordial perturbations, CMB predictions, and cosmic structure.
Gravitational Waves
LIGO/Virgo detections, binary mergers, waveforms, multi-messenger astronomy.
Astrophysics for Beginners
Distances, luminosity, magnitudes, spectra, HR diagram, and stellar classification.
Astrophysics
Stellar structure, evolution, nucleosynthesis, compact objects, and high-energy astrophysics.
Solar Physics
Solar interior, helioseismology, corona, solar wind, magnetic dynamo, flares, CMEs, and space weather. Stanford lecture notes included.
Astrophysics & Computational
Numerical GR (BSSN, Cactus/CarpetX), gravitational waves, spectral methods, quantum computing for GR. 4 modules.
Observations
CMB, Type Ia supernovae, BAO, gravitational lensing, redshift surveys.
Dark Matter
Rotation curves, WIMPs, direct detection, halo profiles, structure formation. Python & Fortran simulations.
Dark Energy
Cosmological constant, quintessence, DESI 2024 evolving-w results, accelerated expansion, dark-energy survey observations.
Earth & Climate Sciences
Atmospheric Science
Thermodynamics, dynamics, synoptic meteorology, clouds, radiation, and climate science.
Oceanography
Physical, chemical, biological, and geological oceanography. Ocean circulation and marine ecosystems.
Climatology & Meteorology
Atmospheric dynamics, climate systems, weather patterns, and global climate change.
Tectonics
Plate dynamics, mantle convection, seismology, lithospheric flexure, and mountain building. Python & Fortran models.
Earth Sciences
Geophysics, geology, mineralogy, and the integrated Earth system.
Climate Science & Physics
Radiative transfer, ocean circulation, hurricanes, GCMs, carbon feedbacks, sea level rise. 9 modules with Python simulations.
Climate & Biodiversity
From radiative forcing to the sixth mass extinction -- how climate change reshapes life on Earth and what science tells us about solutions. 9 modules.
Earth Observation & Satellites
Sentinel, Landsat, InSAR earthquakes, drought indices, SAR flood mapping, TROPOMI climate, LULC classification. 10 modules + spectral explorer.
Sun-Earth Connection
Space weather, geomagnetic storms, ionosphere, aurora, satellite-drag atmospheric heating, GIC power-grid impacts.
Cities as Complex Systems
Urban scaling, traffic lattice gases, mean field games, Kuramoto synchronization, TDA, SUMO. 18 modules, 54 chapters.
Chemistry & Materials
Solid-State Chemistry
Atomic structure, chemical bonding, crystallography, electronic materials, defects, kinetics, polymers, and diffusion. 8 parts with 47 MIT 3.091 lectures.
Physical Chemistry
Quantum chemistry, thermodynamics, kinetics, statistical mechanics, electrochemistry, and spectroscopy. 24 chapters with Python/Fortran simulations.
Organic Chemistry
Functional groups, stereochemistry, reaction mechanisms (SN1/SN2/E1/E2), carbonyl chemistry, aromatic reactions, retrosynthesis. 16 chapters.
Life Sciences
Biochemistry
Amino acids, enzymes, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and metabolism with interactive tools.
Molecular Biology
DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, gene expression, ion channels, and quantum biology.
Cell Physiology
Membrane transport, cell signaling, muscle contraction, neurophysiology, and calcium signaling.
Pharmacology
Drug mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, CNS drugs, and chemotherapy.
Omics Sciences
Genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and multi-omics integration.
Quantum Biology
Quantum tunneling in enzymes, photosynthesis, magnetoreception, and biological coherence.
Mathematics, Computing & Engineering
Mathematics
Linear algebra, tensor calculus, differential geometry, and variational calculus.
Linear Algebra
Vector spaces, eigenvalues, SVD, and applications to physics and data science.
Mathematical Methods
Complex analysis, contour integration, Green's functions, group theory, Lie algebras, special functions. 16 chapters.
Differential Geometry
Manifolds, curvature, connections, Riemannian geometry, and applications to physics.
Numerical Methods
Root finding, ODE/PDE solvers, FFT, Monte Carlo, optimization. Python implementations.
Probability & Statistics
Bayesian inference, hypothesis testing, MLE, MCMC, regression, causal inference. Essential for all experimental sciences.
Machine Learning
From linear regression to diffusion models -- complete derivations, SVG diagrams, and Python simulations across 7 parts and 21 chapters.
ML for Science
Neural networks, CNNs, transformers, physics-informed NNs, symbolic regression, ML for molecular dynamics & cosmology. 12 chapters.
Computer Science
Harvard CS50 lectures: Python programming, algorithms, data structures, AI, and full computer science. 12 video lectures.
Quantum Computing
Qubits, Grover, Shor, HHL, error correction, hardware, VQE/QAOA, Qiskit code. 6 modules.
Information Theory
From Shannon's 1948 paper to quantum error correction -- entropy, coding, compression, and the physics of information across 7 parts and 21 chapters.
Signal Theory
Fourier transforms, sampling, filtering, modulation, and digital signal processing fundamentals.
Electronics
From Ohm's law to VLSI -- circuits, semiconductors, amplifiers, digital logic, power electronics, and microcontrollers across 7 parts and 21 chapters with 56 video lectures.
Optics & Photonics
Geometrical optics, lasers, fiber optics, nonlinear & quantum optics. 6 modules.
History, Music & Culture
History of Physics
From Aristotle to quantum field theory -- the evolution of our understanding of nature across 6 parts and 19 chapters.
History of Mathematics
From ancient Babylon and Egypt to modern abstraction -- 4,000 years of mathematical discovery across 6 parts with 44 video documentaries.
History of Mathematics & Physics
How mathematical ideas created physical theories -- from Euclid to AI across 7 parts and 21 chapters spanning 2,500 years.
Philosophy of Science
From Plato's Timaeus to Kuhn's paradigm shifts -- epistemology, falsifiability, realism, and the foundations of scientific knowledge across 10 parts and 30 chapters.
History of Music
From Monteverdi to Schoenberg -- Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and Modern eras across 4 parts, 12 chapters, and 32 composer biography documentaries.
Music & Mathematics
From the Pythagorean comma to orbifold chord spaces -- Fourier analysis, group theory, Markov harmony, and 6 interactive Web Audio components across 9 modules.
Nobel & Crafoord Prize Lectures
Nobel Physics
35 laureate lectures (2013–2025): Higgs boson, gravitational waves, black holes, quantum entanglement, and more.
Nobel Chemistry
37 laureate lectures (2013–2025): CRISPR, cryo-EM, molecular machines, AlphaFold, and click chemistry.
Crafoord Astronomy
19 lectures on asteroseismology, solar wind, coronal physics, and the heliosphere.
Crafoord Geosciences
14 lectures on deep time evolution, climate change, the ozone hole, and tectonic forces.
Crafoord Biosciences
7 lectures on ecological speciation, adaptive radiation, and the genetics of species formation.
Interactive Tools
Einstein Field Equations
The foundation of General Relativity, relating spacetime curvature to energy and momentum:
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