Part 4: Applied Earth Science

Thermodynamics of minerals, Goldschmidt classification, and rare earth element patterns

Radioactive decay, U-Pb concordia, Rb-Sr isochrons, and radiocarbon dating

Darcy law, aquifer types, Theis equation, contaminant transport, and saltwater intrusion

Gutenberg-Richter law, volcanic hazards, tsunami physics, and early warning systems