Part 9: Endocrine Pharmacology
Hormones as Drug Targets
Endocrine pharmacology deals with drugs that mimic, block, or modulate hormone action. These include treatments for diabetes, thyroid disorders, osteoporosis, reproductive health, and adrenal conditions. Many act through nuclear receptors to regulate gene expression.
Topics in This Part
9.1 Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
GnRH, growth hormone, prolactin, ADH, oxytocin
9.2 Thyroid Drugs
Levothyroxine, antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine
9.3 Corticosteroids
Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, anti-inflammatory uses
9.4 Diabetes Medications
Insulins, metformin, sulfonylureas, GLP-1 agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors
9.5 Sex Hormones
Estrogens, progestins, androgens, SERMs, aromatase inhibitors
9.6 Bone Metabolism
Bisphosphonates, denosumab, teriparatide, vitamin D
Diabetes Drug Classes
| Class | Mechanism | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Biguanides | ↓ Hepatic glucose | Metformin |
| Sulfonylureas | ↑ Insulin secretion | Glipizide |
| GLP-1 agonists | Incretin mimetic | Semaglutide |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | ↑ Renal glucose excretion | Empagliflozin |